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Vulnerable Persons Policy

1 Introduction 


1.1 What is a vulnerable customer? 

A vulnerable consumer is someone who due to their personal circumstances is especially susceptible to detriment particularly when a firm is not acting with appropriate levels of care. (FCA definition) 

1.2 Identifying a vulnerable client - Examples of risk factors for vulnerability 

The following list, which is non‐exhaustive, sets out the types of factor that can mean that a customer should be categorised as vulnerable: 

  • Low literacy, numeracy and financial capability skills
  • Physical disability
  • Severe or long‐term illness
  • Mental health problems
  • Low income and/or debt
  • Caring responsibilities (including operating a power of attorney)
  • Being ‘older old’ for example over 80, although this is not absolute (may be associated with cognitive or dexterity impairment, sensory impairments such as hearing or sight, onset of ill health, not being comfortable with new technology)
  • Being young (associated with less experience)
  • Change in circumstances (e.g. job loss, bereavement, divorce)
  • Lack of English language skills
  • Non‐standard requirements or credit history (e.g. armed forces personnel returning from abroad, ex‐offenders; care‐home leavers, recent immigrants)


1.3 Impact of change in circumstances and income 

A change in personal circumstances can cause a consumer to fall into a vulnerable situation – all the more so if the consumer already has one or more risk factors. 

People are particularly at risk in their interaction with financial services when they experience a change in circumstances that often leads to a financial shock. 

This shock could be an unexpected large expense or a loss of income. A drop in income, or income volatility, can cause particular problems due to the ongoing commitment presented by many financial products. A reduction in ability to meet these financial commitments can cause both immediate and longer term problems. 

In some instances, vulnerability and the associated stress can have an effect on people’s emotional state, cognitive ability, and ability to function. This may include feeling stressed and anxious, feeling unable to cope, too upset to talk, finding it difficult to concentrate, think clearly, assimilate information, and make decisions, and finding it difficult to deal with new or unfamiliar tasks. 

In these conditions, the impact of a problem or difficult interaction can be magnified, and vulnerability to unscrupulous practices is increased, creating a vicious circle. The individual’s practical ability to seek redress may also be diminished. 

1.4 Vulnerability affects us all 

We, or our family and friends, can all face times of stress and difficulty, when our abilities to cope may be compromised. 

For example, we may experience a change in circumstances such as job loss or bereavement, or onset of a serious illness. In some cases these difficulties may be short lived, but for many they may be longer term or permanent. 

Large numbers of people have long standing physical or mental conditions that can make interacting with financial firms challenging. Financial services should be designed so that they make the hard times easier – whereas, in reality, some of the barriers people face when interacting with financial services make an already stressful situation worse, and result in further harm for consumers. 

Vulnerability has many forms. It can be caused by long‐term characteristics such as a disability, or short‐term circumstances such as job loss. It can be sudden, such as the diagnosis of serious illness, or gradual, like dementia. It can fluctuate and be episodic, as in the case of some mental illness. 

Most of us will experience some sort of vulnerability at some point. 

People are particularly at risk in their interaction with financial services when they experience a change in circumstances that leads to a financial shock. Income shock is common and could come in the form of an unexpected large expense, or a loss of income due for example to job loss, reduction in hours, illness, bereavement, or taking on caring responsibilities. 

Vulnerability is not just something to do with the characteristics of the consumer – it can be created or exacerbated by the policies and practices of firms. The way firms design their systems and processes can make a huge difference to the ease with which consumers interact with them. Training staff to listen and understand, equipping them with flexible options and, where appropriate, providing staff with the ability to refer particular problems to specialists within a firm that have the expertise and discretion to address difficult situations can also help. 

Rather than designing products and processes for a mythical perfect customer the broad range of experiences of real consumers’ needs to be taken into account. 

The impact on the consumer of a firm failing to deal appropriately and flexibly with vulnerability can be severe. From a financial point of view, people may be tipped into a spiral of debt, feel the need to take out high‐cost products (such as payday loans) or take on higher risks (e.g. travel without insurance). Some may withdraw from the market altogether, preferring to maintain control by keeping cash at home. An unsatisfactory interaction with financial services can create additional stress, increase isolation, dependency or exposure to fraud (for example by sharing cards and PINs), and take up valuable time and energy for people who are already in a difficult situation. 

1.5 Types of vulnerability 

Vulnerability can come in a range of guises, and can be temporary, sporadic or permanent in nature. It is a fluid state that needs a flexible, tailored response from us. 

Many people in vulnerable situations would not diagnose themselves as ‘vulnerable’ 

The clear message is that we can all become vulnerable. 

To enable us to identify potential vulnerability and prioritise our efforts, we use a risk factor approach. 

Summary 

  • Vulnerability involves the interplay between individual circumstances, situations and market factors
  • A consumer’s state of mind can have a major impact on behaviour and decisions
  • A change in circumstances, and multi‐layered risk factors, are particular flags for potential vulnerability
  • The number of people involved is large and rising ‐ prioritisation is vital to achieve a realistic approach 


Vulnerability is not just to do with the situation of the consumer. It can be caused or exacerbated by the actions or processes of our firm. The impact of vulnerability is strong and many people are trying to cope with difficult situations and limited resources, energy and time. Stress can affect one's state of mind and the ability to manage effectively. In such conditions, being confronted by a complex telephone menu system that gives no option of talking to a person; a ‘computer says no’ response; a call handler without time or inclination to listen, or a system that fails to record what may be distressing circumstances and forces the customer to repeat themselves at every point of contact, can all create a spiral of stress and difficulty, resulting in detriment. 

In order to address the needs of vulnerable customers correctly, it is important to be able to identify them. In many cases, more than one risk factor is present which increases the consumer's vulnerability. 

Our sales team need to be alert to the signs that the person they are talking to may not have the capacity, at that moment in time, to make an informed decision about the implications of the agreements that they are being asked to make. This is not a diagnosis of a condition; it is just an extension of staff's existing skill of listening, identifying needs, and adjusting their approach accordingly. 

FCA Research (From Occasional Paper 8 Feb 2015) 

Financial services, products and systems often ‘streamline’ consumers and are not designed to meet nonstandard needs of those who don’t fit into a set mould. 

The response of frontline staff – whether it’s in a branch or on the phone – is crucial to the customer’s experience. The firm may have great specialist teams or policies, but if frontline staff don’t deal with the situation appropriately, access to a good outcome may be missed. 

Staff on the frontline do not need to be experts, but they need sufficient training to facilitate a proper conversation, to know where internal expertise lies, and know how and when to refer on. 

Most problems relate to poor interactions, or systems that don’t flex to meet needs, therefore making people’s situations more difficult. 

Some consumers are overwhelmed by complex information and can find it hard to distinguish between promotional material and important messages about their products. 

In some areas, an inaccurate interpretation or overzealous implementation of rules (such as those around data protection or affordability) is preventing firms from meeting the needs of vulnerable customers. 

Many vulnerable consumers may be valuable customers if firms respond to their needs and treat them flexibly. However, these consumers may withdraw from the mainstream market and their problems may spiral if their needs are not met. 

A good vulnerability strategy will benefit all customers 

In many ways, products and services that are designed in an inclusive way to respond better to the needs of those in vulnerable circumstances will also work better for the majority of customers, increasing levels of customer satisfaction. So embedding an inclusive strategy that aims to make services available, usable and accessible to all regardless of personal circumstances, will lead to better performance for everyone in the longer term and, arguably, greater levels of consumer satisfaction across the board. 

Part of the FCA’s role is to protect consumers ‐ fair treatment is integral to this. 

Consumers in vulnerable circumstances may be less likely than others to be able to represent their own interests, and more likely to suffer severe detriment if something goes wrong. In order to be treated fairly, customers need well‐designed, straightforward to understand products that meet their needs over their lifetime, and flexible service that is able to respond to individual circumstances. 


2 How we treat vulnerable customers 

2.1 Choice of ways of communicating 

We have a choice of ways of communicating available whenever customers need to make contact with us and these are designed in an inclusive way so that they are flexible, clear, easy to understand and meet customer’s needs. 

2.2 Treating people as an individual 

We recognise that each individual is bound within an individual set of circumstances and our responses are tailored accordingly – it is our intention to always listen carefully, let the conversation take its course without judgement and ensure the message from the customer is clearly understood before undertaking any actions. It is our intention to diligently record information properly so that customers do not have to be repetitive if they contact us later and we are able to refresh our understanding prior to making any further contact with them. We are committed to deal openly and transparently with a vulnerable person’s representative / carer and be as upfront with any help and information we are legally able to provide – we will always seek ways to help and not rely on overzealous interpretation of regulations to exclude. For example, If someone is recently bereaved, has a power of attorney or a third party mandate, we will ensure they receive consistent advice and treatment. If we suspect a customer is in financial difficulty we will be proactive in contacting the customer and seek to offer sympathetic assistance and resolution and signpost to free sources of advice as necessary. 

2.3 Training and feedback 

As a business we are committed to changing the way we deal with vulnerable customers that may not be effective. We will promote a culture where staff are encouraged to understand and empathise with vulnerability. We recognise that staff who provide the first point of contact with customers may not have much experience of people in vulnerable circumstances. Building knowledge of various vulnerabilities and the number of people involved, encouraging an appreciation of what life can be like for some people in difficult circumstances and encouraging a desire to help, is key to this culture. All staff who deal directly with customers need to know enough about vulnerability to pick up on warning signs or triggers and signpost/refer on appropriately. It is acknowledged by us that staff cannot be expected to be experts on all types of illness. Rather they need to spot clues that enable them to refer on to more specialist assistance. We provide staff training on what to look out and listen for. We will avoid rigidly scripted responses ‐ staff will have the flexibility to allow a conversation to develop if they sense that a customer may be experiencing difficulty. Removing the fear, enabling difficult conversations: It is recognised that our staff may feel awkward or scared of having conversations around issues such as mental or other forms of illness, stressful situations and dealing with customers who may be distressed. Therefore they may not feel able to encourage customers to disclose vulnerabilities. We aim to remove as much of this fear as possible, via increased understanding, clear guidance on how to respond and accompanying agents on client calls. 

3 Vulnerable customers and our business model 

We recognise that some of our customers may be categorised as vulnerable, due to either financial profile or some mental and/or physical impairment. As a firm we pay due regard to the needs of all of our customers and do not exclude particular client groups but rather assess every customer or potential customer on their particular circumstances. In dealing with vulnerable customers, as with all other customers we ensure: That any financial product we offer to a customer is appropriate, suitable and affordable given the customers particular circumstances. That the customer fully understands the nature of the obligation. That our staff are trained to identify if a client is vulnerable. That our staff are trained to deal with customers in a fully appropriate way, treating all our customers with respect and communicating in a clear and friendly way, assessing the client's understanding and offering support as an individual client requires. That our staff are trained to discuss with clients their vulnerabilities. That through our interaction we assess the clients personal circumstances and determine whether they fully understand what is being discussed, if deemed appropriate the customer may be encouraged to consult with family and/or friends. The client is given as much time as they individually require to consider the financial product that they have requested. That where we deem the circumstances appropriate that we recommend that the customer seeks free independent advice.